What two components make up a typical buffer solution?

A typical buffer solution comprises a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt. This combination allows the buffer to maintain a stable pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added to it.

The weak acid in the buffer can donate protons (H+) when a base is introduced, thereby neutralizing it, while its salt, which contains the conjugate base, can accept protons when an acid is added. This dynamic equilibrium between the weak acid and its salt ensures the pH remains relatively constant, making buffers vital in various biochemical and physiological processes where a specific pH is necessary for optimal function.

The other options do not provide the necessary components for a buffer solution. Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in solution, which means they do not have the buffering capacity needed to counteract pH changes. A neutral compound and solvent would not provide the reactive components necessary to resist pH changes either. Thus, the combination of a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt is fundamental for the effectiveness of a buffer solution.